Data Repository & Citation Guide

This repository contains social contact data grouped by time period: before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. To support the researchers who collected this data, please cite both the data repository link and the associated research paper provided for each entry.

Post COVID-19 data

Dataset Reference
Epicurus The role of frailty in shaping social contact patterns in Belgium, 2022–2023
MixIT (Italy) Implications for distancing measures on in-person school and work attendance from Italian post-pandemic social contact data
Reconnect (UK) Social contact patterns in the United Kingdom following the COVID-19 pandemic: The Reconnect cross-sectional survey
Social mixing patterns of United States health care personnel at a quaternary health center Social mixing patterns of United States healthcare personnel at a quaternary health center: a prospective observational study

COVID-19 data

Dataset Reference
China (Wuhan and Shanghai) Zhang J, Litvinova M, Liang Y, et al. (2020). Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science.
Contact Data of Children (Belgium, Italy, Poland)
Contact Data Before/After Pandemic (Netherlands) Contact behaviour before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands: evidence from contact surveys in 2016-2017 and 2020-2023.
Contact Data of Older Adults 70+ (Netherlands) Backer, J.A., van de Kassteele, J., El Fakiri, F. et al. (2023). Contact patterns of older adults with and without frailty in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 23, 1829.
CoMix (Austria)
CoMix (Belgium) Coletti P, Wambua J, Gimma A, Willem L, et al. (2020). CoMix: comparing mixing patterns in the Belgian population during and after lockdown. Scientific Reports 10:21885.
CoMix (Croatia)
CoMix (Denmark)
CoMix (Estonia)
CoMix (Finland)
CoMix (France)
CoMix (Greece)
CoMix (Hungary)
CoMix (Italy) Tizzani, M., De Gaetano, A., Jarvis, C.I. et al. (2023). Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19. BMC Public Health 23, 906.
CoMix (Lithuania)
CoMix (Netherlands) Backer J.A, Bogaardt L. et al. (2022). Dynamics of non-household contacts during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 in the Netherlands. Scientific Reports 13:5166.
CoMix (Norway) Social contact patterns during the early COVID-19 pandemic in Norway: insights from a panel study, April to September 2020.
CoMix (Poland)
CoMix (Portugal)
CoMix (Slovakia)
CoMix (Slovenia)
CoMix (Spain)
CoMix (Switzerland)
CoMix (United Kingdom) Gimma, A., Munday, J. D., Wong, K. L., Coletti, P., van Zandvoort, K., Prem, K., … & Jarvis, C. I. (2022). Changes in social contacts in England during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and March 2021 as measured by the CoMix survey: A repeated cross-sectional study. PLoS medicine, 19(3), e1003907.

Pre COVID-19 data

Dataset Reference
POLYMOD Mossong J, Hens N, Jit M, Beutels P, Auranen K, et al. (2008). Social Contacts and Mixing Patterns Relevant to the Spread of Infectious Diseases. PLOS Medicine 5(3): e74.
Belgium (2006) Hens N, Goeyvaerts N, Aerts M, Shkedy Z, Van Damme P, Beutels P. (2009). Mining social mixing patterns for infectious disease models based on a two-day population survey in Belgium. BMC Infectious Diseases 9:5.
Belgium (2010-2011) Willem L, Van Kerckhove K, Chao DL, Hens N, Beutels P. (2012). A nice day for an infection? Weather conditions and social contact patterns relevant to influenza transmission. PloS One 7(11):e48695.
Belgium (2010-2011) Household members do not contact each other at random: implications for infectious disease modelling
China (Shangai) Zhang J, Klepac P, Read JM, Rosello A, Wang X, Lai S, Li M, Song Y, Wei Q, Jiang H, et al. (2019). Patterns of human social contact and contact with animals in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep 9(1), 1–11.
France Béraud G, Kazmercziak S, Beutels P, Levy-Bruhl D, Lenne X, Mielcarek N, et al. (2015). The French Connection: The First Large Population-Based Contact Survey in France Relevant for the Spread of Infectious Diseases. PLoS One 10(7)
Hong Kong Leung K, Jit M, Lau EHY, Wu JT. (2017). Social contact patterns relevant to the spread of respiratory infectious diseases in Hong Kong. Sci Rep 7(1), 1–12
Peru Grijalva CG, Goeyvaerts N, Verastegui H, Edwards KM, Gil AI, Lanata CF, et al. (2015). A Household-Based Study of Contact Networks Relevant for the Spread of Infectious Diseases in the Highlands of Peru. PLoS One 10(3)
Russia Litvinova M, Liu QH, Kulikov ES and Ajelli M. (2019). Reactive school closure weakens the network of social interactions and reduces the spread of influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(27), 13174-13181.
Somaliland van Zandvoort K, Bobe MO, Hassan AI, Abdi MI, Ahmed MS, Soleman SM, Warsame MY, Wais MA, Diggle E, McGowan CR, Satzke C, Mulholland K, Egeh MM, Hassan MM, Hergeeye MA, Eggo RM, Checchi F, Flasche S. Social contacts and other risk factors for respiratory infections among internally displaced people in Somaliland. Epidemics, Volume 41, 2022.
Taiwan Fu YC, Wang DW, Lin CY, Chuang JH, Yang CH, et al. (2012). Representative Contact Diaries for Modeling the Spread of Infectious Diseases in Taiwan. PLoS One 7(10): e45113.
Thailand (2015) Mahikul W, Kripattanapong S, Hanvoravongchai P, Meeyai A, et al. (2020). Contact Mixing Patterns and Population Movement among Migrant Workers in an Urban Setting in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2237.
United Kingdom van Hoek AJ, Andrews N, et al. (2013). The Social Life of Infants in the Context of Infectious Disease Transmission; Social Contacts and Mixing Patterns of the Very Young. PLoS One.
Vietnam Horby P, Thai PQ, Hens N, Yen NTT, Mai LQ, et al. (2011). Social Contact Patterns in Vietnam and Implications for the Control of Infectious Diseases. PLoS One.
Zambia & South Africa Dodd PJ, Looker C, Plumb ID, Bond V, et al. (2016). Age- and Sex-Specific Social Contact Patterns and Incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
Zimbabwe Melegaro A, Del Fava E, Poletti P, Merler S, Nyamukapa C, et al. (2017). Social Contact Structures and Time Use Patterns in the Manicaland Province of Zimbabwe. PLoS One 12(1)

Each dataset is organised in 6 categories:

Category Description Primary key Foreign key(s)
Participant Participants information part_id hh_id
Contact Reported contact data, with link to the survey day part_id sday_id
Household Household data hh_id  
Survey day Information regarding the survey day sday_id part_id
Time-use Information regarding the time use part_id sday_id
Dictionary The dictionary to interpret the columns properly    

For most data types, we have two files: one ‘common’ file in which variables are included that are available in most contact surveys; and an ‘extra’ file in which more specific variables related to the survey are included. Merging both files can be done based on the primary key.